![]() IPSec ("Internet Protocol Security") - Allows encrypted and secure connections between two network devices.ICMP ("Internet Control Message Protocol") - Used by network devices and network operators, to diagnose network connections or for devices to send and respond to error conditions and more.Comes in two versions, IP version 4 and 6. IP ("Internet Protocol") - Used everyday when accessing the Internet.On this layer, the following protocols reside: QUIC ("Quick UDP Internet Connections") - A protocol designed for faster connections and goes hand-in-hand with the version 2 of the HTTP protocol.Ī layer responsible of routing packets between networks via routers.UDP ("User Datagram Protocol") - Lightweight and quick protocol use for many services.TCP ("Transmission Control Protocol") - Used for many applications, ensuring stability, control of how much data can be sent at any given time, reliability and more.Some well known applications on this layer: The layer which allows applications to be represented on the network. SIP ("Session Initiation Protocol") - For engaging in VOIP ("Voice Over IP") communications.NetBIOS - An older Windows protocol for establishing sessions and resolving names.SOCKS - A protocol for sending packets through a proxy server.It involves establishing, maintaining and terminating connections, otherwise referred to as sessions.Ĭommon protocols which represent the Session Layer well are: This layer's responsibility is handling connections between the application and the layers below. Compression, for example GZip in use in many implementations of HTTP.Encryption for services, for example SSL ("Secure Sockets Layer") and TLS ("Transport Security Layer").Encoding Schemes used to represent text and data, for example ASCII(American Standard Code for Information Interchange) and UTF(Unicode Transformation Format).This is to ensure the application and layers beneath ![]() Typically an unseen layer, but is responsible of adapting, transforming and translating data. ![]() You are accessing this class via Layer 7! SDN ("Software Defined Networking") is technology which allows more layers of the hardware to be implemented via software. Layer 4, the Transport layer, connects the software with the hardware layers. The bottom 3 layers are typically implemented in hardware within devices on the network, e.g. The top 3 layers are typically implemented in software within the Operating System: Layer The physical infrastructure to transport data ![]() Responsible for which physical devices packets should go to Responsible for which path packets should travel on a network Where humans process data and informationĭata is forwarded to a service capable of handling requests ![]() This is what the OSI Model looks like: Layer The model makes it clear what is required to communicate on a network by splitting the requirements into multiple layers. The OSI ("Open Systems Interconnection") model represents an easy and intuitive way to standardize the different parts required to communicate There is much more happening behind the scenes of computer networks than what can be observed when using applications. It is essential for Cyber Security Professionals to have a solid understanding of how computers communicate. ![]()
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